Overview
Use this guide to pick the right restaurant expo, build a realistic budget, stay compliant with sampling, and convert floor traffic into measurable ROI. It’s for operators and suppliers—independent owners, multi-unit leaders, chefs and beverage directors, procurement teams, and exhibitors—who need practical, current guidance to make 2026 a winning year.
We cover what a restaurant expo is (and isn’t), a 2026 show calendar, costs including hidden fees, role-based value, compliance, freight and union labor rules, programs like hosted buyer and CEUs, booth strategy, lead capture, and travel/funding tactics. Skim the calendar to shortlist shows, then use the cost and ROI sections to finalize your plan.
What is a restaurant expo vs trade show vs conference
Make faster choices by matching your goals to the right format. Expos maximize discovery and sampling. Trade shows formalize buying and selling. Conferences prioritize education and community. Operators and suppliers often blend two formats per year to balance sourcing, learning, and deal flow.
Clear definitions and what to expect on-site
A restaurant expo is a large, product-forward marketplace for foodservice where you sample, watch demos, and meet suppliers. The show floor is the main stage.
A restaurant trade show is similar but tends to be more transactional. Expect buyer programs, appointment setting, and purchasing activity on-site.
A conference centers on sessions, certifications, and peer exchange, with a smaller or curated expo hall attached.
On-site at an expo or trade show you’ll find: a floor plan organized by category, demo kitchens, tasting zones, sponsor showcases, and networking lounges. Conferences lead with keynotes, breakouts, CE/CEU credits, and roundtables, with limited sampling.
Decide based on your goals. If you need to spec equipment or taste SKUs, prioritize a restaurant expo/trade show. If you need training or certification, prioritize a conference.
Who should attend and who should exhibit
Attend if you buy or influence purchasing and want to benchmark solutions, discover trends, and negotiate show specials. Exhibit if you sell into restaurants/bars and can convert qualified meetings and sampling into pipeline at a sustainable cost per meeting.
Operators (owners, chefs, beverage directors) attend to taste, test, and price-compare across categories in a single day. Procurement teams attend to pre-book meetings and evaluate vendors against requirements.
Exhibitors should commit when they can staff with closers, run clean sampling, and track every qualified badge scan to post-show follow-up.
2026 restaurant expo calendar: major national and international shows
Plan your year with a short list of the biggest restaurant trade shows 2026 and adjacent foodservice expos. Then confirm exact dates and venues on official sites. Dates can shift year to year. Treat the months and venues below as typical patterns and verify before booking travel.
National Restaurant Association Show (Chicago)
The National Restaurant Association Show is one of the largest U.S. foodservice expos. It’s typically held in May at McCormick Place in Chicago.
It serves operators across QSR, full service, bars, hotels, healthcare, and noncommercial, plus distributors and tech. Expect a massive exhibitor list covering equipment, disposables, ingredients, beverages, and software, alongside culinary demos and education.
Operators seeking broad category coverage and exhibitors wanting national reach both see strong value. Confirm 2026 details on the National Restaurant Association Show site.
Bar & Restaurant Expo (Las Vegas)
Bar & Restaurant Expo (formerly Nightclub & Bar) is typically spring in Las Vegas. It concentrates on on-premise beverage, bar operations, nightlife, and hospitality technology.
It’s ideal for beverage directors, bar owners, and suppliers in spirits, mixers, draught systems, glassware, and bar tech who want focused demos and networking. Exhibitors benefit from a concentrated buyer profile and cocktail theater programming that drives sampling traffic.
Check the official Bar & Restaurant Expo site for 2026 dates.
Pizza Expo and International Pizza Challenge
International Pizza Expo is typically late winter or spring in Las Vegas. It is the go-to niche event for pizzerias, QSR pizza concepts, and related suppliers.
Expect ovens, flour, cheese, toppings, delivery tech, and training sessions. Competitions like the International Pizza Challenge attract engaged buyers.
Operators can benchmark equipment footprints and bake curves in person. Exhibitors reach a highly qualified audience. See the official Pizza Expo site for 2026 timing.
Coffee Fest and specialty coffee events
Coffee Fest runs multiple regional events annually, often in New York, Los Angeles, and other major markets. It focuses on specialty coffee, beverages, café operations, and retail.
Attendees include café owners, roasters, and beverage directors. Exhibitors span espresso machines, grinders, syrups, alternative milks, POS, and merch.
This is a strong pick for coffee-forward businesses and beverage categories seeking hands-on demos and latte art competitions. Visit Coffee Fest for the 2026 slate.
Western Foodservice & Hospitality Expo and Catersource
The Western Foodservice & Hospitality Expo typically lands on the West Coast and draws independent and multi-unit operators, chefs, and hospitality buyers.
Catersource (often co-located with The Special Event) targets catering and event-driven concepts with education-heavy programming and a curated floor. West Coast operators prioritizing proximity and caterers seeking CE/CEU-heavy education will find concentrated value without cross-country travel.
Select international shows to watch (e.g., HostMilano, FHA)
HostMilano (biennial in Milan, typically October) is a global showcase for professional hospitality, equipment, and coffee. Food & Hotel Asia (FHA) in Singapore gathers Asia-Pacific buyers across F&B, equipment, and hospitality.
U.S. brands consider these for export readiness, distributor meetings, and competitive intelligence, especially if they have international expansion on the roadmap.
Regional expo guide (U.S.) and how to choose by goals and budget
You’ll reduce travel costs and increase buyer density by adding one regional foodservice expo to your 2026 plan alongside a national show. This section helps operators and exhibitors prioritize proximity versus niche focus.
Northeast and Mid-Atlantic highlights
The Northeast and Mid-Atlantic offer solid regional density with expos that serve independent operators, seasonal businesses, and hotel/restaurant mixes. The Ocean City Hotel-Motel-Restaurant Association’s trade expo is a long-running Mid-Atlantic hospitality gathering.
It brings together shore-season buyers with equipment, food, beverage, and service vendors. Regional shows like these compress travel time and offer high face-time with local distributors and peers.
Operators benefit from local pricing intel and distributor programs. Exhibitors see strong ROI when territory reps can pre-book meetings with existing accounts and prospects. If your 2026 goal is market penetration in a radius-based territory, a regional show can beat a national show on cost per qualified meeting.
South, Midwest, and West regional picks
The South and Midwest feature state and city shows aligned to strong restaurant metros. They often run in late winter or early fall to match seasonal planning.
The West has a mix of California-centric expos and mountain/regional gatherings. These pair well with West Coast distribution strategies.
Choose regionals where your current customers will attend or where you plan to add field sales coverage in 2026. Weigh proximity (airfare and time away) against niche concentration (e.g., barbecue, Tex-Mex, farm-to-table) and local purchasing cycles.
Exhibitors should prioritize regions where their shipping lanes and distributor partners can support follow-through after the show.
How to match shows to your segment and KPIs
Use this quick checklist to score show fit before you commit. It applies whether you’re an operator planning a buying trip or a supplier deciding where to exhibit.
- Segment fit: Does the agenda and exhibitor list match your category (QSR, bar/spirits, pizza, coffee, bakery)?
- Audience density: Are sufficient decision-makers (owners, beverage directors, procurement) attending?
- Timing: Is it aligned with budgeting/menu resets and your selling season?
- Travel and logistics: Are flights, hotels, and shipping lanes affordable and reliable?
- Budget and ROI: Can you hit a target cost per qualified meeting and a 90–180-day payback?
- Proof: Does the past vendor/attendee mix look like your ideal customer profile?
Score each item “high/medium/low” and greenlight only the shows with mostly “highs.”
Attend vs exhibit: decision frameworks and role-based value
Choose the participation mode that advances your 2026 goals. Attend to learn and source efficiently. Exhibit to build pipeline and close deals at a target cost per meeting. Independent operators, multi-unit teams, and suppliers will use different success metrics.
Owners, chefs, and beverage directors: what to prioritize
Attending operators should prioritize hands-on tastings, live equipment demos, and category-specific sessions. Pick those that map to near-term initiatives like menu resets, bar program upgrades, and kitchen throughput.
For example, a chef evaluating combi ovens can compare bake quality and footprint side-by-side. A beverage director can test draft systems and low-ABV portfolios in one aisle.
Arrive with a two-day agenda: 60% floor time for sampling and vendor meetings, 20% education for CE/CEU credits or trend sessions, 20% networking. Book meetings with your top five vendors pre-show and leave buffer for serendipitous finds. Capture pricing and SKU notes in your phone or CRM so you can act within a week.
Procurement teams: sourcing and benchmarking
Procurement should treat an expo like a concentrated RFP round. Pre-book appointments, carry spec sheets, and benchmark total cost of ownership across vendors.
Use a category checklist (e.g., refrigeration, disposables, smallwares, software) and evaluate warranty terms, lead times, and service footprints alongside price. Set meeting quotas by category (e.g., three competing quotes per priority category) and standardize your notes so post-show comparisons are apples-to-apples. Ask for show specials and pilot pricing with clearly defined deliverables.
Exhibitors: pipeline, meetings, and sampling strategy
Exhibitors should anchor success to qualified meetings, not raw scans. Define your ideal customer profile (e.g., 10+ units in QSR, decision-maker titles, buying timeline) and staff your booth to deliver fast sampling, credible demos, and tight discovery.
Set targets like 60–120 qualified meetings for a 10x20 booth at a major restaurant expo. Staff to run two parallel demo stations and one meeting table. Use clear signage for who you serve and what outcomes you deliver (e.g., “Cut fryer oil costs 30%”).
Record notes with next steps at the time of the scan to lift post-show conversion.
The true cost of exhibiting (with hidden fees) and attendee budgets
Build a total-cost view to avoid overages and protect ROI. These ranges apply broadly across U.S. restaurant trade shows. Always check each show’s exhibitor manual and advance rates vs. on-site rates.
Booth cost per square foot and package inclusions
Inline 10x10 booths at regional shows often price in the $20–$30 per square foot range. Major national shows frequently run $35–$55+ per square foot, with corners adding a 10–15% premium. Islands price higher due to visibility.
Basic packages may include pipe and drape, a company ID sign, and limited badges. Carpet, furniture, electrical, or internet are often not included.
For planning, a 10x20 at a national show might land around $8,000–$12,000 for space only. A 20x20 island can exceed $30,000 before build, shipping, and services. Confirm what’s included and price add-ons early at advance rates.
Hidden fees explained: drayage, electrical, internet, and labor
Drayage (material handling) is the fee the general contractor charges to move your freight from the dock to your booth and back. It’s typically billed per 100 lbs (CWT) with minimums. Expect $100–$180 per CWT for advance warehouse and potentially higher for direct-to-show, with surcharges for special handling or off-target deliveries.
Electrical is billed by drops and amperage. A standard 5–10A 120V drop can run $150–$300 at advance rates, with labor for distribution to multiple machines.
Internet ranges from $500–$1,500+ for shared Wi‑Fi to several thousand for dedicated hardlines, depending on bandwidth and exclusivity. Union labor may be required for booth install/dismantle, electrical, rigging, and material handling. Hourly rates can exceed $110–$200, with overtime premiums after certain hours or on weekends.
Order at advance rates and consolidate shipments to reduce handling.
Attendee budgets: badges, travel, and per diem
Attendee badges at restaurant expos range from free (buyer-qualified, early access codes) to $300+ for full-conference passes. Education add-ons can lift costs.
In major markets, plan roughly $200–$350 per night for hotels, $250–$600 roundtrip airfare (domestic), and $50–$90 per diem for meals and ground transport.
To save, look beyond hotel blocks. Compare nearby non-block properties, verified vacation rentals for teams, and refundable rates you can re-shop closer to arrival. Fly midweek and schedule arrival the afternoon before your first meetings to avoid last-minute premium fares and missed mornings on the floor.
ROI benchmarks, calculators, and sample models
Model ROI before you sign so you know exactly how many qualified meetings, demos, or trials you need to break even. This works for exhibitors across segments and booth sizes.
Simple ROI model and cost per qualified meeting
A simple formula: ROI = (Attributed revenue − Total show cost) ÷ Total show cost. For pipeline planning, track cost per qualified meeting: CPQM = Total show cost ÷ # of qualified meetings.
If your average deal is $25,000 and you convert 15% of qualified meetings to wins with a 40% first-year gross margin, each qualified meeting is worth $1,500 in expected gross profit ($25,000 × 0.15 × 0.40).
If your all-in show cost is $40,000, you need about 27 qualified meetings to break even on gross profit ($40,000 ÷ $1,500). Set your meeting target 20–30% above break-even to account for cycle slippage and attribution noise.
Benchmarks by booth size and segment
While outcomes vary, realistic qualified meeting ranges at major shows are:
- 10x10 niche segment (e.g., coffee, pizza): 25–60 qualified meetings
- 10x20 broad segment (e.g., NRA Show): 60–120 qualified meetings
- 20x20+ island with strong pre-show: 120–250 qualified meetings
Conversion rates from qualified meeting to opportunity can run 35–60% for QSR suppliers and 25–45% for equipment. Close rates on created opportunities often average 15–30% depending on ACV and sales cycle.
Use your historicals to refine assumptions and pressure-test your target.
How to track pipeline created and attribution
Decide your attribution model before the show and tag every scan in your CRM with show name, booth #, and segment. Require staff to capture buying role, unit count, timeline, and next step in the lead notes. Create “show-sourced” and “show-influenced” opportunity tags.
Post-show, review 30/60/90-day metrics: meetings held, opportunities created, pipeline value, and wins with revenue. Align with finance on what counts as attributed revenue so marketing and sales can report ROI using the same yardstick.
Compliance for food and alcohol sampling
Protect guests and your brand with clear food safety, allergen labeling, and alcohol compliance steps. This applies to any exhibitor sampling open food or pourable beverages on the show floor.
Food safety basics and allergen labeling
Follow time/temperature controls from the FDA Food Code. Hold cold foods at 41°F (5°C) or below and hot foods at 135°F (57°C) or above. Minimize time in the 41°F–135°F “danger zone.”
The CDC estimates roughly 1 in 6 Americans get sick from foodborne diseases each year. This underscores why strict controls matter for sampling (CDC food safety).
Set up handwashing or approved sanitation stations. Use gloves/utensils to prevent bare-hand contact, and label common allergens (e.g., milk, eggs, fish, shellfish, tree nuts, peanuts, wheat, soy).
Many venues require a temporary food sampling permit. Check the show’s exhibitor manual and local health department guidance 30–45 days pre-show.
Alcohol sampling permits and dram shop considerations
Alcohol is regulated at multiple levels. Federally, producers and importers interact with the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB). Sampling rules and server requirements are set by state and local Alcoholic Beverage Control (ABC) authorities and the venue.
You may need a temporary permit, licensed servers, wristbands, pour-size limits, and proof-of-age checks. Confirm who is legally authorized to pour (brand, distributor, or caterer), obtain required insurance, and follow the show’s designated sampling hours and limits.
Consider dram shop liability exposure and ensure your COI reflects liquor liability if you’re serving alcohol.
Logistics and labor: freight, cold chain, union rules, insurance/COI, and on-site setup
Avoid delays and surprise invoices by locking your freight plan, understanding union labor rules, and securing insurance/COIs. This section focuses on exhibitors shipping products, equipment, and booth assets.
Freight and cold chain: advance warehouse vs direct-to-show
Advance warehouse deliveries land 2–3 weeks pre-show at the contractor’s warehouse. This gives a buffer for missed carrier windows and lets your freight be staged at target move-in.
Direct-to-show ships to the venue during your targeted move-in window. It reduces storage fees but risks carrier delays and off-target surcharges.
For perishables, use validated insulated shippers with gel/ice packs or dry ice as allowed. Consider local refrigerated delivery or show-approved reefer storage.
Include temperature loggers to verify cold chain integrity. Pack sampling SKUs separately from heavy booth materials to speed check-in and reduce handling complexity.
Union labor rules and how they affect setup/teardown
Many convention centers are union environments where certain tasks—material handling, electrical, rigging, and sometimes booth carpentry—must be performed by union labor. Exhibitor “do-it-yourself” rights vary by city and show.
Some allow hand-carry items and basic hand tools within a small booth footprint. Others are stricter.
Control costs by scheduling during straight-time hours and consolidating shipments to reduce handling. Pre-arrange labor with clear build drawings and task lists. Train your team on what they can and cannot do, and stagger staff arrival to match when the booth is actually ready.
Insurance and COIs: what shows require
Most shows require a Certificate of Insurance (COI) with general liability limits commonly around $1,000,000 per occurrence and $2,000,000 aggregate. You must name the organizer, venue, and general contractor as additional insureds. If sampling alcohol, liquor liability coverage may be required at specified limits.
Request your COI from your insurance broker 2–3 weeks pre-show. Verify the exact additional insured wording from the exhibitor manual. If you don’t have an annual policy, event-specific policies are available from specialty insurers. Upload the COI by the show’s deadline to avoid on-site issues.
Sustainable and accessible exhibiting
Cut waste and increase reach by designing a reusable booth. Choose LED lighting and right-sized power. Ship fewer, denser crates, and use compostable or recyclable serveware when sampling.
For accessibility, ensure pathways are clear and at least 36 inches wide. Provide counters with a reachable section (around 34 inches high), and signage that is legible for low-vision attendees.
Review guidance at ADA.gov and test your booth for wheelchair access. Keep demo audio levels hearing-friendly and offer easy-to-grip sample cups/utensils.
Simple choices make your experience more welcoming and can lift qualified traffic.
Programs and opportunities: hosted buyer, CE/CEUs, sponsorships, and media/PR
Accelerate results by tapping programs that compress meetings, earn credits, and boost visibility. These apply to both attendees (buyers) and exhibitors, depending on eligibility.
Hosted buyer and matchmaking: eligibility and benefits
Hosted buyer programs typically cover or discount travel/hotel for qualified buyers who commit to a set number of supplier meetings. Eligibility often includes purchase authority, annual spend thresholds, and segment fit.
Applications open months before the show and require verification. The benefit is guaranteed meetings with the right profiles in a short window, raising meeting quality for both sides.
Apply early with clear spend categories and be responsive to scheduler outreach to secure ideal matches.
CE/CEU credits and certifications
Many industry events offer CE/CEU credits for culinary, food safety, beverage, or operations education. You’ll usually need to scan into sessions and retain proof of attendance to report credits to your accrediting body.
Topics can include ServSafe refreshers, menu engineering, bar management, and labor optimization—valuable for CEU foodservice education goals. Before the show, map the sessions that align with your required credits and confirm the reporting process. After the show, submit certificates and session IDs within the specified window to ensure your CE/CEUs are recorded.
Sponsorship tiers and what drives ROI
Sponsorships that drive measurable ROI usually combine floor visibility with direct access to buyers. Examples include on-floor demos, product showcases, category pavilions, and push notifications tied to scheduled tastings. Premium logo placements alone rarely move the needle without a meeting or sampling component.
Evaluate sponsorships by expected incremental qualified meetings or trials, not just impressions. Ask for historical performance data when available and tie every asset to a specific KPI (e.g., 50 demo sign-ups per hour, 25% conversion to scheduled follow-ups).
Media and PR playbook
Maximize coverage by pitching show press lists 4–6 weeks out with a focused angle. Lead with a new product launch, a data-backed menu trend, or a chef partnership. Submit for new product or innovation awards before their deadlines, and request a demo slot on any public stages.
On-site, keep media kits and quick b-roll ready. Post live content during peak floor hours and track QR-driven press downloads. After the show, send recap notes and assets to journalists you met to convert interest into coverage.
Booth strategy: size, location, and design choices that drive qualified traffic
Design your footprint and flow to create fast sampling, clear messaging, and easy meeting zones. Exhibitors of all sizes can lift qualified traffic with better layout and role clarity.
Inline vs corner vs island: traffic and cost trade-offs
Inline booths are the most affordable and work well with a single clear front demo. Corners add two-aisle exposure and often outperform in raw scans for a modest premium.
Islands command the highest cost but can host multiple demo stations, storage, and meetings without crowding. That lifts qualified meeting capacity.
Choose inline when budget is tight and message is simple. Choose corner for a moderate upgrade in visibility. Choose island when you need parallel demos and scheduled meetings at scale.
Regardless of size, keep sightlines open, elevate key messaging, and place your strongest draw on the aisle.
Sampling and demo design that converts
Sampling should move quickly, stay hygienic, and funnel the right buyers to staff who can qualify and schedule next steps. Use visible hand-sanitizing and glove changes to build trust. Separate the tasting bar from the meeting area so conversations aren’t rushed.
Post benefit-forward signage (“Cut prep time 20%”) and train staff into defined roles: greeter/scanner, demo lead, qualifier/closer, and runner. Keep portions small, queue lines clear, and always offer a specific next step: QR to book a tasting, on-the-spot pilot scheduling, or a follow-up meeting time.
Lead capture and post-show follow-up playbook
Convert floor momentum into pipeline with a scripted capture process and disciplined cadences. This works for exhibitors and for attendees who want vendor follow-ups on their terms.
Tools, scripts, and buyer qualification criteria
Use the official badge scanner plus a notes app or CRM mobile form with four required fields: role/title, unit count, buying timeline, and next step. Your discovery script should quickly confirm fit (“Are you currently evaluating X?”). Steer unqualified traffic politely to collateral rather than meetings.
Define your qualification line (e.g., decision-maker or strong champion, 5+ units, 0–12 month timeline) and tag “influencers” separately for nurturing. End every good conversation with a scheduled action: a calendar invite for a deeper demo, a sample shipment, or an introduction to procurement.
Follow-up timelines, KPIs, and attribution
Speed wins. Aim for same-day thank-yous or within 24–48 hours with personalized notes and a calendar link.
Use a 7/14/30-day cadence: value-forward content at day 7, a crisp ask at day 14, and a re-engagement offer or pilot proposal by day 30.
Track KPIs weekly for 60 days: response rates, meetings held, opportunities created, pipeline value, and wins. Attribute results to the show in your CRM and share a clear ROI readout so leadership can fund what worked next year.
Travel and funding tactics to stretch your budget
Reduce total cost of attendance and exhibiting without sacrificing outcomes. These tactics help independents, multi-units, and suppliers alike.
Savings outside hotel blocks and last-minute plays
Compare non-block hotels within a 10–15 minute walk or a single transit stop to cut nightly rates. Often you’ll save 15–30% versus block pricing.
Re-shop refundable hotel and airfare a week out and again 48 hours out using price alerts. Consider flying into secondary airports if transit is easy.
For teams, book shared suites or verified rentals to reduce per-person costs and create space for evening debriefs. If schedules allow, depart a day after show close to avoid peak post-show fares and give yourself time to pack and ship smartly.
Funding sources: grants, distributor co-op, and sponsorship swaps
Explore local small-business grants and tourism or export assistance if you’re launching products or expanding to new markets. Ask distributor and brand partners about co-op budgets to share booth or sampling costs in exchange for joint branding or shared leads.
For niche shows, consider sponsorship swaps—offer your owned media or training to the organizer’s audience in return for discounts on booth space or add-ons. Package your ask with clear audience metrics and proposed deliverables to make approval easy.
Case studies by segment and show comparisons
Set realistic expectations with segment-specific outcomes and choose the best show for bar-focused businesses based on audience and timing. These composite examples mirror common results when teams plan well and follow through.
QSR, bar/spirits, pizza/bakery, and coffee: measurable outcomes
A QSR-focused equipment supplier with a 10x20 at a national restaurant expo pre-booked 40 meetings and captured 55 walk-ups. Eighty qualified meetings produced 28 opportunities and 6 wins in 120 days, yielding a 1.6x ROI on first-year margin and 3.2x on LTV. Their success driver: dual demo stations and a tight follow-up sprint.
A bar/spirits brand at a focused beverage show ran 15 mini-tastings per hour and booked 50 distributor and key account meetings. Thirty-five turned into menu trials and 10 new placements in 90 days.
A pizza ingredient supplier at a niche show secured 60 qualified meetings and 20 oven-side tests, converting 8 into regional rollouts. A coffee equipment exhibitor at a Coffee Fest regional booked 45 meetings and closed 5 multi-site cafés in 6 months by offering on-site install credits.
Which show is best for bar-focused businesses
For bar-first teams, Bar & Restaurant Expo offers the most concentrated on-premise beverage audience and programming in one place. It’s ideal for spirits, mixers, draft systems, and bar ops tech.
The NRA Show delivers broader reach across food and beverage with access to multi-unit operators. That makes it strong for brands serving both kitchen and bar.
Legacy “Nightclub & Bar” heritage lives on within Bar & Restaurant’s nightlife focus. If late-night and entertainment venues are your core, its attendee mix will feel closest to home.
If you can only pick one, choose Bar & Restaurant Expo for pure bar/spirits focus and speed to meetings. Choose NRA Show if you need cross-department visibility (culinary + beverage + corporate) and national chain reach.
When budget allows, run both. Use Bar & Restaurant for deep sampling and NRA for enterprise pipeline building.